Doctrine by topic · DGT Observatory

Risk and Venture: DGT doctrinal evolution

How the DGT's position on this topic has evolved, and the rulings it rests on.

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How the DGT's position has evolved

Settled doctrine High confidence 54 rulings · 2014–2026

Current position

The assumption of risk and venture determines the classification of the activity. If risk is assumed, the work is classified as income from economic activities (business); if it is not assumed, it is classified as income from professional activities. In the case of partnerships (comunidades de bienes), the joint assumption of risk and the organization of means are necessary to be a taxable person for VAT (IVA).

The DGT's position remains constant in the distinction between professional and business activity based on risk and venture. A consistent application of this criterion is observed both in the classification of income from intermediation and in the determination of the status of a taxable person for partnerships.

Turning points

  1. V0826-19

    Establishes that for a partnership to be a taxable person for VAT (IVA), it requires the joint assumption of risk and venture, in addition to the organization of means.

  2. V3053-23

    Specifies that if the risk is assumed individually, the partnership is not a taxable person for VAT (IVA) and details the deduction methods for the members.

Analysis based on 53 of 54 rulings with a stated position. Updated 23 September 2026.

Rulings on this topic

24
V5299-26 28 Jul 2026

Intermediary real estate commission classified as business income

SG de Impuestos sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas
rendimientos de actividades económicascomisionistasintermediación inmobiliariaactividades profesionalesactividades empresariales RIRPF — RD 439/2007, Reglamento del IRPF art. 95.2.b).2ºLGT — Ley 58/2003 General Tributaria art. 89.1
Affects CompanyExpat · Non-residentIndividual
V5029-26 11 Jun 2026

Charities under Law 49/2002 may claim live performances deduction

SG de Impuestos sobre las Personas Jurídicas
entidades sin fines lucrativosexplotaciones económicas exentasdeducción por espectáculos en vivoriesgo y venturaproducción de espectáculos LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 36.3LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 39.7
Affects CompanyExpat · Non-residentIndividual
V0470-26 27 Feb 2026

Commission income from a foreign company may be taxed as professional earnings

SG de Impuestos sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas
rendimientos de actividades profesionalesprestaciones intracomunitarias de serviciosinversión del sujeto pasivointermediaciónriesgo y ventura LIRPF — Ley 35/2006 del IRPF art. 2LIRPF — Ley 35/2006 del IRPF art. 6
Affects CompanyExpat · Non-residentIndividual
V1479-23 31 May 2023

The application of the tax deduction for live performances through an AIE requires that the latter assumes the production risk and venture

SG de Impuestos sobre las Personas Jurídicas
agrupación de interés económicodeducción por espectáculos en vivoriesgo y venturafinanciación de produccionesimputación de bases LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 36.3LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 39.7
Affects CompanyExpat · Non-residentIndividual
V0888-23 14 Apr 2023

The taxpayer bearing the risk and venture of live performances claims the deduction

SG de Impuestos sobre las Personas Jurídicas
deducción por espectáculos en vivoriesgo y venturaproducción de artes escénicasfinanciación de produccionescertificado de productor/exhibidor LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 36.3LIS — Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades art. 36.3.a
Affects CompanyExpat · Non-residentIndividual

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