Severance Pay and Final Settlement in Spain (Finiquito)

Severance Pay in Spain: An Overview

Spanish labour law establishes mandatory indemnización por despido (severance pay) for most employer-initiated terminations. The amount depends on the type of dismissal and the outcome (fair, unfair, or null):

These rates are minimums established by the Estatuto de los Trabajadores. Collective agreements and individually negotiated settlements frequently provide higher compensation.

The Transitional 45/33 Days Rule

Workers hired before 12 February 2012 (the date the 2012 labour reform came into force) have a protected severance calculation for the period of service prior to that date. Their severance is calculated in two tranches:

• Pre-12 Feb 2012: 45 days per year, capped at 42 months’ salary for this tranche.
• Post-12 Feb 2012: 33 days per year, capped at 24 months’ salary for the whole calculation.

The two tranches are added together, subject to an overall cap of 24 months (or 42 months if the pre-reform tranche alone exceeds 24 months — there is a specific CJEU-driven transitional maximum for long-service workers).

Example: A worker hired on 1 January 2005 and dismissed on 1 January 2025 on unfair grounds, earning EUR 3,000/month gross:

• Pre-reform period: 7 years + 42 days (1 Jan 2005 – 12 Feb 2012) × 45 days = ~319 days
• Post-reform period: ~12 years 11 months × 33 days = ~427 days
• Total days: ~746 days = ~24 months’ salary (cap applies)
• Severance: 24 × EUR 3,000 = EUR 72,000

Calculating the Severance Base Salary

The daily salary used for severance calculations (salario diario regulador) includes:

• Base salary
• Fixed salary supplements (seniority bonuses, role supplements, shift premiums)
• Pro-rated extraordinary payments (if two annual extras are paid: divide annual total by 365)
• Non-salary perks with a quantifiable value (company car personal use component, housing benefit, etc.)

Variable pay (bonuses, commissions) may also be included where they are regular and predictable, based on average earnings over the preceding year. Pure discretionary one-off bonuses are typically excluded.

Formula: (Annual gross salary including fixed supplements and prorated extras) ÷ 365 × days per year of service

For a worker earning EUR 30,000 annually:

• Daily rate: EUR 30,000 ÷ 365 = EUR 82.19
• Objective dismissal (procedente): EUR 82.19 × 20 × years of service
• Unfair dismissal: EUR 82.19 × 33 × years of service

The Finiquito: Final Settlement Document

The finiquito is a comprehensive document that the employer must prepare upon termination, itemising all amounts the worker is owed:

Components of a Finiquito

Signing the Finiquito

The worker should be given a copy and time to review — ideally with their legal representative present. The worker has two options:

• Sign with conformity (conforme): Acknowledges receipt and agreement with the settlement. This may not be used as proof of accepting the dismissal’s legality (only of receipt of monies).
• Sign with protest (en disconformidad): Acknowledges receipt but preserves the right to challenge the dismissal or the amounts in court.

Employers sometimes present finiquitos with “inclusive” language suggesting the worker waives all future claims. Workers should always seek legal advice before signing such documents — general waivers of labour rights are often unenforceable in Spain.

Tax Treatment of Severance Pay

Statutory Severance: Exempt from IRPF

Severance received as a result of dismissal, up to the statutory mandatory amount (20 days/year for objective, 33 days/year for unfair), is exempt from personal income tax (IRPF) under Article 7(e) of the IRPF Law, provided:

• The employment relationship was terminated by the employer’s unilateral decision
• The payment does not exceed EUR 180,000 (cap introduced by RDL 3/2012)
• The exemption applies only to the first EUR 180,000 — the excess is subject to IRPF

Enhanced Severance: Subject to IRPF

Any severance paid above the statutory minimum (e.g., agreed enhanced packages, payments in excess of the 33-day cap, special ERE packages) is subject to IRPF as a labour income (rendimiento del trabajo). It may qualify for the reduction applicable to “irregular income” (renta irregular) if the payment relates to a period of more than 2 years — a 30% reduction applies to the excess, subject to limits.

Social Security Treatment

Statutory severance is generally exempt from Social Security contributions. However, any payment that could be reclassified as salary (e.g., payments disguised as severance that are actually deferred salary, discretionary bonuses) may be subject to contributions. Always ensure correct characterisation.

FOGASA: Safety Net for Insolvent Employers

The Fondo de Garantía Salarial (FOGASA) guarantees a portion of unpaid severance and wages when the employer is declared insolvent. FOGASA covers:

• Wages: Up to 120 days outstanding, at a maximum daily cap of double the SMI/day
• Severance: Up to 20 days per year of service, capped at one year’s salary, with the same daily limit

FOGASA recovery is a right of last resort — it does not eliminate the employer’s direct obligation to pay, and the company’s liability to FOGASA persists (FOGASA pursues the employer in the insolvency proceedings).

Frequently Asked Questions

If a worker resigns, is any severance payable? Generally no. Voluntary resignation (dimisión voluntaria) does not entitle the worker to severance. The exception is constructive dismissal (dimisión provocada or resolución causal del contrato): if the worker resigns because the employer has seriously breached the employment contract (failure to pay salary, substantial modification of working conditions without procedure, workplace harassment), the worker may terminate with immediate severance equivalent to unfair dismissal (33 days/year).

Can severance be paid in instalments? For objective dismissal, the statutory severance must be paid simultaneously with the dismissal letter. For unfair dismissal outcomes, payment must follow the choice within 5 working days of the court declaration or agreement. Instalment arrangements require the worker’s explicit agreement.

Is severance subject to IRPF reporting even if exempt? Yes. Even exempt severance must be reported in the employer’s annual Modelo 190 and the worker’s IRPF return (declaración de la renta), though it will not generate tax liability up to the exempt limit.

What happens if the finiquito amount is disputed? The worker may sign the finiquito “en disconformidad” and then file a claim before the Juzgado de lo Social within 1 year (for salary claims) or 20 working days (for dismissal challenges). The court will determine the correct amount. Interest of 10% per year is typically awarded on unpaid amounts.

Does signing a severance agreement prevent a discrimination claim? A general waiver of all claims signed at termination may prevent future salary claims but generally cannot waive a future discrimination or harassment claim (these involve fundamental rights that are non-waivable). Court enforceability of general release clauses is limited in Spanish labour law.