A merger by absorption (fusion por absorcion) is a corporate restructuring transaction in which one company (the absorbed company) is dissolved without liquidation and its entire assets, rights, and liabilities are assumed by an existing company (the absorbing company). It is the most common form of merger in Spain, regulated by the Law on Structural Modifications of Commercial Companies.
In practice
What Is a Merger by Absorption?
A merger by absorption is the form of merger in which an absorbing company integrates into its balance sheet one or more absorbed companies, which are dissolved without prior liquidation. The shareholders of the absorbed company receive shares or participations in the absorbing company in proportion to the agreed exchange ratio. It differs from a pure merger or consolidation, in which both companies dissolve to create an entirely new entity.
In Spain, the merger by absorption is governed by Law 3/2009 of 3 April on structural modifications of commercial companies. It is the preferred instrument in corporate concentration processes, subsidiary integration, and group structure simplification.
Stages of a Merger by Absorption
1. Drafting the merger plan The directors of the participating companies jointly draft and sign the merger plan, which must include: share exchange ratio, effective date from which the absorbed company’s operations are considered carried out by the absorbing company, rights of special shareholders and holders of securities other than shares, and independent expert benefits.
2. Directors’ report and expert report Each management body prepares a report justifying the transaction. An independent expert appointed by the commercial registrar issues a report on the reasonableness of the exchange ratio. In mergers of wholly owned (100%) subsidiaries, this requirement may be waived.
3. Approval by shareholders’ meetings The merger must be approved by the general meeting of each participating company with the reinforced majorities required by law and the articles of association.
4. Registration with the Commercial Registry The merger is formalised in a public deed and registered at the Registro Mercantil, at which point universal succession takes effect and the absorbed company is dissolved.
Tax Regime: Neutrality Under Corporate Income Tax
The special merger regime in Chapter VII of Title VII of the Corporate Income Tax Law (LIS) allows the deferral of gains arising on the transaction (latent capital gains on transferred assets), provided there are valid economic reasons other than tax savings. This neutrality regime prevents the merger from having an immediate tax cost, deferring taxation to the moment the acquired assets are realised. Notification to the Spanish Tax Agency (AEAT) is mandatory within three months of the registration of the merger in the Commercial Register (Article 89.1 LIS and Article 48.2 of the Corporate Income Tax Regulation).
Relevance for Businesses
A merger by absorption allows simplification of group structures, reduction of administrative costs, integration of operational synergies, and a stronger financial profile for lenders and investors. Prior planning is critical: a poorly structured merger can generate tax, labour, or contractual contingencies — such as change-of-control clauses — that exceed the value of the synergies sought.